Chapter 4

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West Allis
West Allis, a city adjacent to Milwaukee, had a large German-American population and was the site of numerous dust-ups between pro- and anti-Nazi crowds. The Friends of New Germany established a chapter there in 1933 which became the German American Bund in 1937. The group promoted Nazi ideology, including virulent antisemitism, and was met with intense opposition from both the Jewish community and the majority of German Americans in Wisconsin.

Baraboo
City in Wisconsin about 120 NW of Milwaukee. The city was a regional center with a variety of businesses, including the Ringling Brothers Circus which established Baraboo as its winter quarters and contributing to its identity as "Circus City."

Driftless Area
The Driftless Area is a region of Wisconsin and nearby states that escaped glaciation, characterized by its rugged topography of hills, valleys, and bluffs, unlike the surrounding flatter, glaciated terrain. Named for the absence of glacial deposits ("drift"), this region features unique geological formations such as karst topography with caves, sinkholes, and disappearing streams.

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Carl Hagenbeck zoo
Carl Hagenbeck (1844-1913) was a German merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos, as well as P. T. Barnum. He created the modern zoo with animal enclosures without bars that were closer to their natural habitat. He was also an ethnography showman and a pioneer in the display of members of "savage tribes" in Völkerschauen, known nowadays in English as "ethnic shows" or "human zoos". These racist displays were controversial at the time and are now widely considered unethical. The transformation of the zoo architecture initiated by him is known as the Hagenbeck revolution. Hagenbeck founded Germany's most successful privately owned zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, which moved to its present location in Hamburg's Stellingen district in 1907. Wikipedia

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fists and saps
A sap is a short, weighted impact weapon, usually made of leather and filled with material like lead

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lead-filled Beavertail sap
"Beavertail sap" is slang for a type of close-quarters, weighted impact weapon, also known as a slapjack or blackjack. It's a leather-bound tool with a weighted end that resembles the tail of a beaver, hence the name. These non-lethal weapons are designed to deliver a concentrated, forceful strike and are known for their concealability and portability.

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peeled of a flash roll
In 1930s slang, to have a "flash roll" meant to carry and conspicuously display a thick wad of banknotes to show off wealth. The term was especially common in gambling and criminal circles, and the display was often used to project an image of power and financial success.

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Sheepshead marathon
Sheepshead is a trick-taking card game that originated in Germany and is popular in parts of the US, particularly Wisconsin, and is known for its strategy, math, and social aspects. Played with a 32-card deck (7s through Aces), the game involves players forming teams by "picking" a partner for a round, with the goal of winning "tricks" to score at least 61 of the 120 available points in the deck to win the hand. How to Play Sheepshead